Soil Analysis

• Obtain a soil test from your county extension office in order to obtain a thorough analysis of your soil conditions. Take about 12 samples from different areas in your garden and mix them in a clean bucket. For lawns, take about 2 to 3 inches of dirt; take 6 inches for other soil samples. For smaller gardening projects, a soil testing kit is probably adequate, although it will not be as accurate and comprehensive as a lab test. Soil testing kits are available at nurseries and gardening centers and provide measurements for primary soil nutrients -- nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus -- as well as soil pH.
  
  

Preparation

• Your soil site needs to be clear of all weeds and other debris before you begin amending the soil or planting your garden. Weeds increase the incidence of garden pests and diseases and rob desirable plants of nutrients and sunlight. For smaller soil sites, hand-weeding is an effective way to remove undesirable plants. For larger soil sites, use a hoe to remove weed root systems. It's best to weed the soil when it is moist, but not wet, and remove weeds when they are young, if possible.
  
  

Soil Amendments

• Most soils benefit from the incorporation of organic matter. Organic matter is derived from plant and animal sources and improves both heavy and light soils. Examples of organic matter include peat moss, compost, manure, grass clippings and bark. Incorporate organic matter into the top 6 to 10 inches of the soil. If the soil tests indicated any problems with nutrient or pH levels, apply fertilizers as needed. The pH levels can be adjusted by incorporating lime or sulfur into the soil.
  
  

Planting

• Once you have analyzed your soil condition, cleared the soil site and applied any necessary soil amendments, the soil is probably suitable for planting. Familiarize yourself with the specific requirements of the plants you plan to grow before you plant seeds or transplants. Important factors to consider include the level of light available to plants, recommended pH levels and watering requirements. The soil should also be loosened with a garden shovel or rototiller. Rake the soil until it is even and level before planting. Once you have planted your seeds or transplants, don't forget to give them a thorough watering, and continue to monitor soil conditions carefully.